Reaction Paper- Asian and Global Crisis Essay Example for Free

Reaction Paper- Asian and Global Crisis Essay Reaction Paper Asian and Global Crisis During the Asian and Global Crisis many of the criticisms are against accounting and accountants. In my further readings, I’ve read that during the Asian Crisis in 1997, where affected countries suffered severe setbacks in their economies and where development stagnated, the accountancy profession, including its standards, policies and levels of information disclosures, had played a role in the start of the crisis, and perhaps had even worsened it. Moreover, I’ve also read that during both crises, the Asian Crisis and Global Crisis in 2008, insufficient clarity in what was being measured, the wrong things being measured or things being measured inappropriately, lack of standards, inadequate transparency and poor ethical conduct, in short, poor corporate governance is the main breadth and depth of the crises. As a future accountant, what will I do after all the doubts and criticisms against the profession? In my opinion, sufficient clarity on what to measure, measuring things appropriately, following the applicable standards, adequate transparency and good ethical conduct are the things that I should carry out. It should be clarified in the accountant on what is the thing that he/she should measure. If I’m the accountant I should be knowledgeable on the nature and I should have understood necessary facts about the account when doing measurement or on examining the reasonableness of the measurement method used by the management. In addition, in measuring risks like financial risk, I should use a valid and reliable risk measurement technique because the information that I’ll be giving will be the basis for the management’s decision-making. If I have measured the things incorrectly or a wrong technique has been used, it could be misleading to the decision-making of the management and may cause chaos in the future to the company. In an accounting perspective, applicable generally accepted accounting standards should be used in the accounts of the financials of the company. Strict compliance should be observed so that transactions are properly recorded, summarized, classified and accounted for. Adequate disclosures should also be done. In the auditing perspective, as an auditor, auditing the company should be in accordance with the applicable generally accepted auditing standards. The auditor should be independent so that the opinion will be unbiased. I would like to emphasize that in compliance with the generally accepted auditing standards, the auditor should always take into consideration if the company provided adequate disclosures. Disclosure on significant matters is really important for the users who don’t have enough information regarding the matter will be informed. However, I have read in an article that there is also a lack of standards that also caused the hitch on crises. Regarding the lack of standards, I think it is already in the hands of the appropriate groups with authorities. Accountants need to refocus the structuring of financial transactions so that they comply with generally accepted accounting principles and that the economic substance of financial transactions is communicated. More accountability and ethical awareness needs to be instilled in the individuals who deceitfully structure financial transactions. Regulatory bodies need to ensure more transparency by closing loopholes and better enforcement of accounting standards. Audit committees, need to be sure that a company is communicating the true economic reality of the financial transactions and financial position of the business entity. Off-balance-sheet financing is one of the most significant ways, among others, that the user of financial statements can be misled. It is time for regulatory bodies to eliminate overly rules-based standards, clearly state the economic objective of each standard, and require firms to disclose the economic motivations for the accounting practices they adopt. While making judgment accountants need to be cautious and prudent. Accounting transactions and other events are sometimes uncertain but in order to be relevant it should be reported in time. Accountants have to make estimates requiring judgment to counter the uncertainty. Prudence is a key accounting principle which makes sure that assets and income are not overstated and liabilities and expenses are not understated. The bottom-line for all of these is to have good corporate governance. As defined by Robert M. Bushman, corporate governance structures serve: 1) to ensure that minority shareholders receive reliable information about the value of firms and that a company’s managers and large shareholders do not cheat them out of the value of their investments, and 2) to motivate managers to maximize firm value instead of pursuing personal objectives. I believe that all of the things I have mentioned are some of the keys that can help me as a future accountant in dealing the reality and to get out of all the doubts against the accounting profession.

The Existence Of God Essay -- essays research papers

The Existence of God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The existence of a God has for generations been the topic of fierce debate. This most usually occurring between members of the religious society and, everybody else. As a matter of fact the religious world itself has not always been able to agree on God. This has resulted in many a holy man to take up the fight for his deity through the realm of words. Many theories have been proposed, and all think that theirs proves beyond a doubt on whether or not God exists. To write this paper I read four of those theories by assorted men of the cloth, who all attempt to make the argument for a God in the Christian sense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first of the theories I looked at was that of St.Anslem of Canterbury. He supplies the ontological argument for the existence of God. The ontological argument states that by understanding the nature of God himself, we come to realize he exists. He explains this argument by first defining what God is. Anslem says that God is a being than which nothing greater can be conceived to exist, that it can not even be considered not to exist. In short, the fact that said being can not be considered not to exist, would thereby make it greater than any that could be considered not to exist. This would in all reality be the secret to God's omnipotence in Anlsem's eyes. Another point that he stresses is that just be understanding the concept of what a God is, you are proving his existence. This is because if you understand who God is, you can also accept his existence, and therefore cannot conceive that he does not exist. Therefore making him that which nothing greater can be conceived of, and which cannot be conceived not to exist which we have already defined as God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second argument for a God comes from St. Tomas Aquinas, who argues for the cosmological point of view. The cosmological argument states that all things in this universe have a cause, and since these causes cannot go on for ever there must be a first cause, i.e. God. He argues that there are five ways to argue for the existence of God, the first is the argument from motion. This states that everything in this world has certain potentials for motion. It also states that for these potentials to be met another object n motion must set off said potential. That object in turn would have ... ...ad and the point would be moot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So by looking at these paths Pascal decided to look at the risks of each wager. In the first you get infinite rewards from only one life of believing. Plus he felt that you also probably had a fulfilling and enjoyable life too. So the first, can be looked at as a win win situation in which you risked very little, and won much. The second and fourth possibilities did not really concern Pascal much because by thinking of it in terms of odds, neither seemed probable, and again wouldn't matter anyhow because you would no longer exist. The third possibility however, in which you could end up in hell, seemed to help persuade Pascal into believing in a God. He felt that for the amount you had to lose in this situation, no intelligent human would take the risk. So in conclusion, Pascal came to believe that believing in a God was a safe bet, in that it had the least risk with the highest returns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As for myself, after reading these papers I find myself tending to side with Pascal the most. I don't think that a little insurance could hurt, because until there is proof otherwise none of us really know.

One-Student-One Sports Essay

The 1Student 1Sport was launched by Education Minister in the year of 2011 to all the schools in Malaysia. It was stated in the circular dated 1 December 2010 from the Ministry of Education of Malaysia. The 1Student 1Sport policy makes it compulsory for students to participate actively in at least one sports’ activity in the school. It was established to enable every student to have the access to the benefits of participating in sports, in particular for students who are less or not active. It is to encourage students to adopt a healthy and active lifestyle. Each student is required to be actively involved by participating in the school’s sports activity throughout the year. It is also to provide the opportunity to students with talent and potential to be developed further in their sports carrier. But for student with poor health condition can be exempted from this policy. Objective of 1Student 1Sport. The objective of 1student 1sport is to increase physical fitness, to develop students characters, self-esteem discipline and moral values. Students will practice healthy lifestyle and also be able to perform excellence in their academic and sport. It is also to foster racial unity among the students. The most important task is to fulfil school children’s natural affinity for physical activities and provide balances between their academic and physical needs. For students with passion in sports, this is their opportunity for them to show their excellence and performance. The benefits. It is no doubt that this programme is useful for students. Nowadays children, they are less exercise even in school or home. They are keen to sit in front of television and playing computer games. They’re also no interest of cycling, jogging or even gardening. Children those days are more active such as playing football or badminton, helping their parents in the garden and even often played hide and seek. Their everyday activities required them to move and their physical fitness is fit as a fiddle. Exercise is good for everyone, no matter what age they are. Regular exercise for children can help them to maintain their weight and keep the body systems healthy and strong. Good exercise habits are just as beneficial to children as to adults. According to the report and research from the health ministry, 30 percent of children between the ages of 6 and 17 did their exercise daily, yet are not as physically active as they should be. Good habits can start at home, but it must continue throughout the child’s life for continued good healthy lifestyle. Parents and teachers are the good role model to help these children exercise and make sure they are healthy. Children that participate in daily exercise are less to become overweight, they are maintain strong bones and muscles. They are also less likely to develop chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and cancer. The child’s overall well-being, are the kids that are physically active routinely always higher self-esteem, less stress and they perform better in school. If the children play a team sport to fulfil their suggested exercise requirements, they may also have a head start on developing the interpersonal skills that they’ll carry with them throughout the life.

Why Gay Men And Gay Couples Should Be Legal - 944 Words

How Gay Men and Lesbians Perform as Parents Compared to Heterosexual Couples Recently, controversies have been witnessed concerning the issues of gender and sexuality. For example, the US government has issued directives regarding the legality of same-sex relationships. Several states in America have legalized homosexuality while the others have remained adamant to accept such sexual orientations. Same-sex and transgender couples have been facing prejudice, discrimination, and hatred from the general public that supports heterosexual relationships. However, the legitimacy of any form of sexuality should be determined following an empirical research and analysis rather than drawing conclusions from unsubstantiated arguments. The most common†¦show more content†¦This shows that just like heterosexual parents, same-sex couples have good parenting skills. When it comes to their children, they show no differences as they grow up when they are compared to the children from heterosexual couples. When a study of children between the age of five and fourteen years was conducted, the results showed that children of homosexual females depicted the normal pattern of development in gender identity (Patterson, 2005). Other studies have also confirmed that such children show normal gender-based behaviors and sexual orientation. Across a wide range of empirical researches, it has been found out that adjustments in such areas like school, family relations, and personality of children from same-sex couples do not differ with those of the children from heterosexual parents (Wainright et al., 2004). Therefore, assertions that the same-sex couples are unfit for parenting lack empirical basis. Gender Transition and Relationship A romantic relationship features two individuals, either of the same or different sexes developing reciprocal affection. It is important to note that there is nothing abnormal when someone is in love with a transgender person. The two lovers develop an interest in each other, and they appreciate their sexual nature. Also, love entails a lot apart from the sexual relationship. It is a source of understanding and support. Therefore, when a partner decides to goShow MoreRelatedStop The Madness: Gay Marriages Should be Banned Essay676 Words   |  3 Pagesright for same-sex couples to marry. Should gay marriages be legal? Why should our nation accommodate such a dreadful Supreme Court ruling? Gay couples have become a major problem for our children. Children only repeat what they hear, see, and other habits from their role models. Our children are the ones who are being subjected to these horrifying situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gay marriages should be banned because God did not intend women to sleep with each other, nor men with men. It is a major sin.Read MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1169 Words   |  5 PagesGay marriage should be legalized. Our civil rights and the Constitution give us many liberties. One of our civil liberties is the pursuit of happiness, which homosexual people are not allowed to chase. They cannot be married to the person they love and it violates their freedoms. According to professorshouse.com, â€Å"In Alaska, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Nebraska, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Alabama, notRead MoreBenefits Of Same Sex Marriage1687 Words   |  7 PagesBenefit of homosexual Marriage in the U.S.A How do we look at the gay marriage? Did they have freedom in the U.S? What are their rights? In 1958, the supreme court of the United States said they can’t support gay marriage. Through this journey from that time until now, American change a lot of rules for the gay marriage as a legal protection against discrimination, they can marry in at least seventeen states and adopt children (Walter Frank 1).In additional they can get married at most in 36 states(StewartRead MoreLgbt Marital Rights. Could You Imagine Not Being Able To1260 Words   |  6 Pageswith? There are many benefits, rights, and protections available to married couples in the federal law. These benefits, rights, and protections include things like, tax benefits, government benefits, employment benefits, death benefits, family benefits, and more! In 2017, marriage is an internationally recognized right for all people, as of 2015. But it has not always been that way. Gay people are already unable to adopt; should they really not have the right to marry either? Over many years, the homosexualRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagestogether. So, a marriage would constitute as a joining together of two individuals into a legal union, which means being joined as one. Some of the many purposes of marriage would include: family, companionship, financial benefits, commitment, and love. Starting a family is an important part of getting married, as well as the commitment to love just the one person for the rest of their lives. Financially, married couples would combine their savings into one big account, helping each other with purchasesRead MoreEssay on The Right to Same Sex Marriage1590 Words   |  7 PagesIt is not measured by whether it is a man and a woman, or a couple of the same sex. It is measured by how much a couple loves each other and cares for each other.†(Cheney, 2009) Looking at that definition of marriage, there should never be any reason to deny two people that love each other the right to legally expres s it by marrying one another. Furthermore, the founding fathers of this great nation made it clear that every American should never be denied natural freedoms and rights. These naturalRead MoreGay Marriage1574 Words   |  7 PagesGay Marriage In The News In the United States, there is social unrest regarding the governments denial of the right to marry for homosexuals. Plenty of conservatives are completely against gay marriage; and many of liberals are fighting for equal treatment. The neo-Christian politicians are using religious arguments to establish that homosexuality is an abomination. While this may be their belief system, this country was founded on religious freedom, where the people are allowed to worshipRead MoreThe Issue on Same-Sex Marriage Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagesnations. The conflict that arises over whether same-sex couples should be allowed to enter into marriage be required to use a different status, or not have any such rights. Also, the federal government of the United States does not recognize the marriages of same-sex couples and is prohibited from doing so by the Defense of Marriage Act of 1996. â€Å"The Defense of Marriage Act, which was passed on September 21, 1996, defines marriage as a legal u nion between one man and one woman for purposes of allRead MoreCompare and Contrast Two Views of Gay Marriage Essay815 Words   |  4 Pageshad written supporting gay marriage in America. Bennett started out by first issuing two key points as to what divides the proponents and opponents of same-sex marriages. The two articles are derived from Sibylle Gruber’s Constructing Others: Constructing Ourselves edition. Bennett notions that legalizing same-sex marriage would weaken the meaning of it and outlines what the basic concept of marriage is. Throughout the article Bennett argues why same-sex marriage should not be legalized by movingRead MoreEssay about Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage1121 Words   |  5 Pagessome people who think that gay people have no rights and should never be allowed to marry. Other people believe that gay people are just like anyone else and should enjoy the same rights and privileges as heterosexuals do. People opposing gay marriage argue that a co uple of the same sex getting married would redefine the word marriage, the purpose of marrying is to procreate, and they should settle for Civil Unions instead. I feel that all fifty states in the U.S. should allow same-sex marriages.

Analysis Of The Crucible by Arthur Miller - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1045 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Crucible Essay Did you like this example? The communist witch hunt was a time of unjust persecution and false accusations, with many similarities with a previous event; the Salem witch hunt. The Salem witch hunt, though on a much smaller scale, was still devastating to their economy, and hurt them for a long time after that. There are many similarities between the communist witch hunt and the Salem witch hunt, but there are also many differences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Of The Crucible by Arthur Miller" essay for you Create order The biggest one that comes to mind, would be how much they affected America as a whole. Of course there are more examples of all the differences, but well start out with the context behind all of the propaganda. Salem In Salem, Massachusetts practically everyone in that town was religious. In fact, the laws of Salem relied heavily on the Bible. You were more likely to get in trouble for being drunk or talking blasphemy then you would be for stealing something. Some punishments included being whipped, being dunked into the water, hanging, and paying fines. This was just for minor stuff, so it must have been terrible for them when they thought that they had witches. Everyone started freaking out, especially since it started with the local Reverends daughter and niece. They thought that anyone could be a witch, and so mass hysteria broke out. Neighbors were accusing neighbors because of a simple rivalry, they even put two dogs to death because they mightve been involved in witchcraft. The people who really put this power into play though were the Putnams. They were the richest people in the town and they wanted more land, so they started accusing their neighbors of being witches because if you confessed, then your land would be sold for auction. At some point, they accused Giles Corey and his wife, Martha, but they died with honor and didnt confess so that their children could have their land. McCarthyism 1950s America was also very religious, though the population was a lot bigger than it was in Salem. The 1950rs were a lot less extreme in the religion department though. It is, after all, in our basic civil rights to practice whatever religion we want to, or to practice no religion at all. One of the main reasons that America was a lot more religious was because of the baby boom, the rising population decided to move into suburban places, and there were a lot of churches there. Most people wanted their children to grow up good, and so they decided to start trying out different churches to try and best make sure that their children were upright. In fact, it is estimated that about 57% of the population was religious in 1950. America was already weary of communists at the time because of the Cold War, but McCarthy fanned the flame when he accused his rival for senate seat of being a communist. America started freaking out because there was no way an Atheist communist could be in our good Christian country. Other people used this to their advantage, mostly to try and get elected into office. This wasnt neccessarily true for just house seats either, oh no. It could be for anything, like anyone who produced any type of media. Two people might have opposing views, and then suddenly one of themrs a communist, and has to be taken in to the state for questioning. They would also immediately blacklist those people (actors, actresses, directors, etc.). Similarities: The Crucible by Arthur Miller and the communist witch hunt have many similarities. One of them would be that the social repercussions of being accused are quite similar. If you were accused of being a witch in Salem, then you were tried unfairly, you mightve been beaten into submission, you might get away with it if you falsely confessed. If you were accused of being a communist during the Age of McCarthyism, then you would be taken to the HUAAC (House of Un-American Activities Committee) for questioning, youd be pressured into giving out names of other communists, you also couldnt defend yourself using the Fifth Amendment or else it wouldve been considered suspicious. Another thing worth mentioning is that Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible as an allegory for the Communist witch hunt. While the Salem witch trials was an actual event that took place, Miller saw the similarities and decided to write a book about it. Miller himself was accused of being a communist after publishing his book, and refused to testify in front of the HUAC. While he was blacklisted in Hollywood, there were still plenty of other places that enjoyed his masterpiece. Germany even liked it so much, that they put on a play of it, and Miller and his wife were invited. Differences: While they do have many similarities, they also have many differences. The most obvious one would be that the types of people targeted were very different. In Salem, the ones who were most accused were the poor people, or the people who were already convicted of doing a crime. In fact, the trials really only stopped once people who had a much higher stature in their society got accused . Itrs quite the opposite in the case of the communist witch hunt; they mostly went after people who were of a higher stature like those in the senate, or someone influential like media producers. The only reason it stopped, was because McCarthy tried to accuse the military, but lost and started losing his popularity. Another difference is what those in power thought that they were accomplishing. Those in Salem thought that they were doing a good thing by trying to get rid of all of those witches. Those in power during the McCarthyism age though were really only in on it so that they could get more popular so that they could get elected into office. Those intentions vary case to case though. Maybe some of those in Salem just wanted to get popular, and maybe those in the HUAC thought that they were doing the right thing. Conclusion: In retrospect, both of those things that happened to us was devastating at the time. Innocents were thrown in jail, peoples lives were ruined. There are many similarities and differences, but only you can decide if itrs more similar or different.

Bipolar Disorder Depression And Depression Essay

A popular fallacy of bipolar disorder is that it is simply a rapid shift in someone’s mood. This misconception leads to the frequent misuse of the word, when, in actuality, it s a serious mental illness that negatively impacts a person’s emotions and manners of thinking. By definition, bipolar disorder is characterized by intense and fluctuating states of depression and mania (Caponigro Lee, 2011, p. 6). Despite popular opinion, bipolar disorder is not simply fluctuating from happy to sad, it is staying in a state of mania or depression for a varying amount of time. There are two polar opposites on the bipolar scale that every other bipolar sub-illness ranges from: mania and depression. Mania is the distinguishing factor of bipolar disorder and refers to the high or elevated periods in bipolar disorder sufferers. Mania is defined by a shift in mood that involves feeling great excitement, euphoria, delusions, and over-activity. During a manic episode one feels immense levels of creativity, boundless energy, excessive self-confidence, and illusions of grandeur but can also experience feelings of irritability, argumentativeness, and impatience. On the other end of the pole is depression. Although mania is considered to be the core of bipolar disorder, depression makes up the bulk of the illness and is what lends it it s precariousness. A depressive episode is the presence of five or more symptoms of depression experienced for a minimum of two weeks (Caponigro Lee, 2011,Show MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder : Depression And Depression1591 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an alternating or shift in moods of elevation and depression. It is also known as manic depression. This mental illness is that brings severe high and low moods, it can cause changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. â€Å"Bi† which means two or alternating between two, explains the two common episodic moods that occur in indivi duals with this disorder; mania and depression. According to the DSM there are multiple forms of bipolar disorderRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Bipolar And Depression1461 Words   |  6 Pageshaving Bipolar Disorder is like living at your best and you are worst and having no control over it. People may refer to bipolar are manic depressive disorder, this is due to for the individuals having periods of mania, and periods of depression. Bipolar is derived from having two moods, hence mania and depression. Mania is a period of energy, individuals will feel energized, on top of the world and may even experience sleep deprivation. Sometime later, the energy goes away, and depression will setRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Bipolar And Depression1461 Words   |  6 Pageshaving Bipolar Disorder is like living at your best and you are worst and having no control over it. People may refer to bipolar are manic depressive disorder, this is due to for the individuals having periods of mania, and per iods of depression. Bipolar is derived from having two moods, hence mania and depression. Mania is a period of energy, individuals will feel energized, on top of the world and may even experience sleep deprivation. Sometime later, the energy goes away, and depression will setRead MoreBipolar Disorder, And Depression1616 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar Disorder, Manic Depressive Disorder, and Depression When looking at the difference between Bipolar Disorder, Manic Depressive Disorder, and Depression there are not many difference. One could look at the symptoms and see that with each there is a risk of moving towards the next disorder. An individual can be diagnosed with the lowest form of depression and if not taken care of can push the individual to the extreme without ever really knowing. Knowing the symptoms of each disorder, takingRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Bipolar And Depression Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder known for severe persistent mood instabilities between mania and depression, . It causes unusual changes in mood, energy, and activity levels which makes ability to perform daily tasks very hard. (Concepts Advisory Panel [CAP], 2015). BPD affects more than 2.3 million adult Americans, or 1% of the population. (Guo, Patel, Li, Keck 2010). There are four basic types of bipolar spectrum; All of them involve clear change in the mood energy, andRead MoreThe Bipolar Disorder And The Depression1295 Words   |  6 Pagesreported that he is currently attending to a psychiatric session once a month due to his bipolar disorder and that it is very helpful for him. He also stated that was prescribe Seroquel 30 mg once a day for the bipolar disorder, Luvox 30 mg for anxiety and depression once a day as well and one B12 for energy. He has been taking Seroquel and Luvox for more that tree yeas since he was diagnose with bipolar disorder and the B12 since he ha d the bypass surgery. Education/Employment History: ClientsRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Treatment Of Bipolar Depression1098 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipants searched had a primary diagnosis of bipolar disorder according to DSM-IV (Zhang et al., 2013). This literature review found, the following: â€Å"Antidepressant medications did not offer statistical benefits when compared with placebo in the short-term phase† (Zhang et al., 2013, p. 11). This statement is relevant to answering question 1: Can at any time antidepressants be used safely in Bipolar disorder? When considering treatment of Bipolar depression, there was no statistical benefit of an antidepressantRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Major Depression1358 Words   |  6 PagesMood disorders are characterized by unstable emotions, which are not always completely within the individual s control. Mood disorders are one of the most common categories of psychological disorders, and the two most common disorders within this category are bipolar disorder and major depre ssion (also known as clinical depression). These disorders often require a patient to take medications to regulate their mood, which is often paired with psychotherapy or â€Å"talk therapy.† While they are commonRead MoreBipolar Disorder or Manic Depression719 Words   |  3 PagesBipolar disorder is also known by many as manic depression. It is a serious mental disorder that is associated by sever changes in a person’s mood, the mood changes range from feeling low and depressed to being manic, these changes are the typical symptoms of Bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, and can be managed with therapy and medication. The episodes can last for days, hours or can be very short. Bipolar disorder affects both womenRead MoreBipolar Disorder : Depression And Mania Essay2094 Words   |  9 PagesBipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder is a mood disorder that is also known as manic depression. The term â€Å"bipolar† can be separated to find its definition. Bi- meaning two, and –polar meaning two opposing poles. Signifying the 2 polar opposites of depression and mania. Its first appearance in the American Psychiatrist Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), was in its 3rd revision of 1980. There are three types of Bipolar disorder: bipolar 1, Bipolar 2, and cyclothymic

Physician

Physician-assisted Suicide Essay Paper Word Count: 2558Introduction The history ofbegan to emerge since the ancient time. Historians and ancient philosophers especially had been debating over this issue. Thus, this issue is no longer new to us. However, it seems little vague because it has not yet been fully told. The historical story consists of patterns of thought, advocacy, and interpretation on whether to legalize assisted death. Only until June, 1999, the United States Supreme Court issued decisions in two cases that claimed constitutional protection for physician-assisted suicide, Washington v. Glucksberg and Vacoo v. Quill, by a single 9-0 vote covering the case (Bartin, Rhodes, Silver, 1). They also say that this decision mark the beginning of long period debate, which will not be fully resolved (1). Hence, the debate began by professionals from different aspects, especially the physicians themselves. I will never give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. A frequent quoted portion of the Hippocratic Oath, written in Greece sometimes during the fifth to forth centuries B.C.E, represented an effort by an apparently small group of physicians to build public respectability by distancing themselves from other physicians who commit assisted suicide. It has had considerable influence in the history of Western medical society and now, once again, physician-assisted suicide has become a major ethical issue in medicine, as well as an issue that involves law and public interests. Of the various issues at the medicine issue, perhaps none has drawn as much attention as assisted suicide. This topic is being discussed with great frequency in newspaper, journals and books about whether it is really necessary and ethical to physicians to participate in this life-ending act. Proponents or advocates of physician-assisted suicide argue that each perso n has freedom over their own life. Persons whose quality of life is nonexistent and who are having a terminal illness should have the right to decide to seek assistance. In contrast, opponents say that physician-assisted suicide is not an acceptable practice for the physicians legally as well as morally. This issue has become a central concern to the medical profession, legislators, philosophers, social psychologists, as well as the public. Interests in this controversial matter continue to grow increasingly whether it should be legalized. Perhaps everyone would have ones own thought and opinion. Nevertheless, assisted death is never a proper expression of compassion. It shows no care for the patients. Besides, it would be inhuman to assist other people to die. We should instead help the ill patient to recognize his self-worth and learn to cope with his problems, not to assist them in taking their lives. 1. Ethical Assessment Right to die or to live?Do people have the right to choose how to die? There is unquestionable growing support for permitting doctors to aid patients who wish to hasten their death. Physician-assisted suicide focuses the issue on the right of patients experiencing intolerably suffering to make free decision to end their lives. To propose physician-assisted suicide, Russell writes that many patients will go on suffering in great distress unless their lives are taken away (34). To them, everyone should have the right to request aid in dying if they find that their lives are no longer worth living. Other proponents argue that, in certain circumstances, it is morally permissible and ought to be legally permissible, for physicians to provide the knowledge by which a patient can take her own life (Dworkin, 3). Basically, the proponents consider two kinds of reasons for supporting this act. The first reason is that of freedom and the second has little to do with choic e, but instead, death is to be given if the patients will suffer forever. There are countless numbers of hopelessly ill or incapacitated people in hospitals, nursing home, homes for the aged, and institutions for the insane and mentally defective for whom life is nothing but a tragic burden. For those who have never visited such institutions, it is difficult to realize the human tragedy that exists there. No matter how much money is spent to improve their care and living conditions, many are doomed to utter despair year after year. Others equally incapable of any satisfaction in living wait in their homes longing for death, often at the cost of the health and happiness of the person who must care for them. (Russell, 36) American should think again before pressing ahead with the legalization of physician-assisted suicide (Emanuel, 73). Opponents feel that physician-assisted suicide is not an acceptable practice for physician as such action is illegal in most places around the world. Although we will face mortality one day, there is no guarantee that our own death will be of our liking. Opponents also argue that under no circumstance should physicians use their medical skills to aid a patients death. It is not within the power of medicine and probably never will be to master life and death and to control nature (Collahan, 85). Mary Rowlandson EssayI suggest that the question should be put this way: What is the best thing I could do to help my patients in whatever circumstances arising given my special knowledge and skills? In nearly every case the answer would be to heal, to prolong life, to reduce suffering, to restore health and physical well being, i.e. to preserve and enhance life. But in some extremes, hopeless circumstances, the best service a physician can render may be to help a person hasten death in order to relieve intolerable, unnecessary suffering that makes life unbearable as judged by the patient. This would be enlargement of the physicians role, not a contradiction of it (Cauthen). Sometimes ending suffering takes priority over extending life. When death becomes preferable to life, everyone would benefit if it were legal to show mercy (Euthanasia). One of the greatest assistants to the euthanasia movement was Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Dr. Kevorkian assisted over 100 people and even made a machine to do so. In 1986, Dr. Kevorkian discovered that some doctors in the Netherlands were helping their patients who were terminally ill, or who were suffering unbearable amounts of pain and suffering to die. This news caused him to take an interest in dying patients and to get him involved in a campaign to legitimize physician assisted suicide. In 1989, Dr. Kevorkian learned about a man with quadriplegia, paralysis of the arms and legs, who had made a public announcement for help to end his life (Kevorkian 2). Dr. Kevorkian then attempted to invent a device that people who were too incapacitated to end their own lives by other means could by simply pushing a button. He eventually made a device he called the Thanatron, Greek for Death Machine, which administered an anesthetic and then a lethal injection of potassium chloride through an intraveno us line. Potassium chloride causes the heart to stop beating and is the substance used in executions by lethal injection. Dr. Kevorkian gained publicity through media coverage of his device. In 1989, Janet Adkins, a 54-year-old woman with Alzheimers disease, contacted Dr, Kevorkian and requested assistance (Kevorkian 2). In 1990, Adkins became the first person to die using the Thanatron in Kevorkians presence. Dr. Kevorkian asked his own patients to donate their vital organs or undergo a critical medical experiment to benefit science, medicine, society, and the lives of others (Dr. J. Kevorkian). Perhaps the most common form of passive euthanasia is to give a patient a large dose of morphine to control pain, in spite of the likelihood of the painkiller suppressing the heart and respiration, causing death earlier than it would otherwise occur. These procedures are performed on terminally ill, suffering people so that natural death would occur sooner. It is also done on people in a persistent vegetative-state, or individuals with massive brain damage who are in a coma from which they cannot possibly regain their consciousness (Passive Euthanasia). Compassion and benevolence demand that we legalize assisted death for the sake of the ill and those who love them (Cauthen). Other methods of relieving the suffering of terminally ill patients are: giving medicine to relieve intolerable suffering despite the fact that it hastens death, providing continuous anesthetic, high levels of medicine to induce terminal sedation, giving medicine to relieve pain and hasten death, and administering a lethal injection that causes death quickly in order to relieve suffering (Cauthen). Some people argue that patients would be frightened that their physicians might kill them without their permission, but this is not a valid concern, because the patient would first have to request assistance in dying. If that individual didnt ask for suicide assistance, their physician would continue to preserve and extend their patients life (Passive Euthanasia). With the further graying of our countrys population, no doubt, the discussion will intrude into more and more corners of our lives (Legality). Euthanasia is a practice that should be opened to all who want it. It is a practice that should be legalized to benefit the terminally and mentally ill and the physically and mentally disabled people who are in intolerable pain and suffering from tremendous self- pity. BibliographyWork CitedBrazil, Janet. Enduring the End of Life.(April 17, 2000). Cauthen, Kenneth. Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia.(April 16, 2000). Compassion in Dying. (April 16, 2000). Domin, Father Edward. Personal interview. April 21, 2000. Dr. Jack Kevorkian and Practices:(April 16, 2000). Egendorf, Laura K. Assisted Suicide Current Controversies. San Diego: GreenhavenPress, Inc., 1998: 116. Euthanasia Research and Guidance Organization.(April 16, 2000). Jamison, Kay Redfield. Night Falls Fast: Understanding Suicide. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999: 13. Kevorkian, Jack. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 99. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corp.,1998: 2. Legality. (April 16, 2000). New England Journal of Medicine, The.(April 16, 2000). Part 2. (April 16, 2000). Part 3. (April 16, 2000). 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